Sawubona! Lokho ukubingelela ngesiZulu, isifundo sethu esisha solimu, siyakwamukela emndenini wesiZulu wakwa Duolingo. IsiZulu ingxenye yomndeni wethu obalulekile: Umndeni wolimu! Funda ukuze ufundiseke ngemindeni yolimu kanye nokwenza ulimu lwesiZulu lwehluke kwezinye izilimu!
Ingabe khona yini umndeni wolimu?
Indlela efanayo abantu ababa nayo nezihlobo zemindeni eseduzane nekude, izilimu ziyahlobana zisuka kukhokho oyedwa ongumsunguli wazo. Isibonelo nje umndeni we-Indo-European iqoqo elikhulu lezilimu, lezi zifaka nezihlobene kodwa okufaka izilimu ezifana ne (Silungu, Hindi kanye nesi Greek) kanti ke ezinye zona zihlobene eduze njenge (Spanish kanye nesi French, okuqhamuka kwi-Latin). IsiZulu sona esibizwa ngolimu lwesiZulu ulimu olukhulunywa abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi eziyishumi nambili, ikakhulukazi eNingizimu Afrika. IsiZulu sizithola ndawonye nolimu isiSwahili okuwulimu lwesibili lwabantu lukaDuolingo. Abantu iqoqo lwezilimu olungaphansi komndeni wolimu lwe Niger-Congo – kanti futhi lungaphansi kwemndeni emikhulu emhlabeni jikelele ngokwezilimu. Ngenkathi Isilungu “English” singaphansi kweqoqo/umndeni olubizwa ngokuthi “Germanic”, elihlanganisa nezinye izilimu ezimbalwa, kanti iBantu yona inamakhulu ambalwa! Izilimu zeBantu zikhulunywa abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingamakhulu amathathu nesihlanu emazweni amaningi ngaphansi kwe sub-Saharan Africa.
Ingabe iluphi ulibofuzo lwezilimu zaBantu?
Njengemndeni yabantu eba nezinto ezithile ezifanayo, ukuba namehlo ansundu noma ukuhleka ngendlela efanayo, izilimu ngaphansi kwemindeni ziba nokufanayo. Lokho kusho ukuthi kunendlela abaphimisa ngayo imisindo yezinhlamvu efanayo, njengoku phimisa amagama ayizenzo, noma indlela efanayo yokulandelanisa amagama emishweni, ukubala okumbalwa okwenzeka ngendlela efanayo.
Okunye okubalulekile ukuthi sikusho ngaphambi kokugxila kakhulu ezintweni ezinhle ngaBantu kanye nolimu lwesiZulu ukuthi, ngenkathi sisaku thakasela ukukhuluma ngezinto ezikhangisayo zezilimu, kunomlando omude wezilimu ezibizwa nge non-Western languages ziphathwa njenge zilimu ezihamba phambili ngenxa yokucindezelwa komqondo wabantu okwabeka lezilimu kanye nabantu abazikhulumayo njengabantu ababamba iqhulu ezilimini abanye zababeka emumva. Kodwa singakusho kalula ukuthi iSilungu ulimu olingwijikhwebu ngokuba nonkamisa abaningi kanti futhi lukhulunywa kakhulu ngabaninig basesilungwini “surbuban”. Zonke izilimu zinezihlabahlose ngakho, nakhu okubili abafundi abasha abanentshisekelo ngezigaba zamabizo kanye ne-agglutination abazofunda ngakho!
Izigaba zamabizo
Izilimu zabantu zabelana ngendlela yokwehlukanisa amagama ebizwa ngokuthi “izigaba zamabizo”. (Uma uwumuntu onolwazi ngokwehlukanisa kwezinhlaka zobulili “grammatical gender categories”, izigaba zamabizo zingenye indlela yokuqoqa amabizo ndawonye!). Ngolimu lwesiZulu, onke amabizo okungaba umuntu, indawo okanye izinto konke kungaphansi komshumo owodwa ongaphansi kwezinhlaka eziyisi shagalombili. Umshumo wezigaba zamabizo wona uhlanganisa imniningwane efana nokuthi ibizo liwubunye noma liwubuningi, kanti nezinhlaka kwesinye isikhathi zisuselwa kwizincazelo ezithi azifane nezamabizo (isibonelo nje, ukuthi ibizo lisho umuntu, isilwane, okanye enye into, kanye nokunye njalonjalo).
Izigaba zamabizo zibaluleke kakhulu kwindlela ulimi olukhulunywa ngayo uma kwenziwa imisho kanye nendlela amagama alandelana ngayo. Isibonelo nje, ibizo ngalinye ezigabeni zamabizo linesiqalo esihlukile (ingxenye yegama ihamba ngaphambi kwebizo), lokho kusho ukuthi amabizo aqala ngo-i angaphansi kwebizo elifakwe esigabeni sika “class 5”, leso sigaba sifaka amagama ezicubu zomzimba, ezinye izilwane, kanye nesenzo esihambelana nakho. Kuleli shadi elingaphansi, uyabona ukuthi isiphawulo sika “khulu” sishintsha kanjani kodwa kube kuya ngesigaba sebizo esichaza into njenge “nkulu”
Okokuqala nje, ake sibuke amagama ngamanye:
ENGLISH | ZULU |
Big | khulu |
Cat | ikati |
Door | umnyango |
Manje, ake sibuke isiphawulo (“big”) sishintsha ngenkathi ibizo nalo lishintsha!
ENGLISH | ZULU |
big cat | ikati elikhulu |
big door | umnyango omkhulu |
(qaphela indlela yokuma kwesiphawulo namabizo ukuthi kuhlukile kwizilimu zombili uma kuqhathaniswa Isilungu kanye nesiZulu: Ibizo libizwa kuqala ngaphambi kwesiphawulo ezilimini zabantu.)
Ukuhlanganisa “Agglunation”
Okunye okukhangayo ngaBantu ukuthi amagama asunguleka kanjani, esigabeni sokuhlanganisa noma ukwakha amagama agglutination. Awucabange amagama eSilungu ahlanganisiwe okanye okuhlanganisa izenzo noma eSpanish, kodwa adlulele, okanye amanye nje amagama! Olumini lwesiZulu kanye nezinye izilimu zabantu, umusho ungakhiwa nje igama elilodwa noma ambalwa, ngamagama amaningi aphethayo, iziqalo, kanye namanye anezezelayo onke egameni elilodwa.
Ukuhlanganisa amagama kutholakala kuzo zonke izilimu ezingaphansi kweqoqo laBantu (kanti futhi nakwezinye nje izilimu ezingahlobene njenge zilimu zase Turkey kanye nase Japan). Kulesibonelo esingezansi, kuyabonakala ukuthi ulimu lwesiZulu kanye nolwesi Swahili basebenzisa igama elilodwa ukuchaza into eyodwa kepha iSilungu sona sisebenza amagama amathathu ukuchaza leyonto!
ENGLISH | ZULU | SWAHILI |
we will pay | sizokhokha (si = we, zo = will, khoka = pay) | tutalipa (tu = we, ta = will, lipa = pay) |
Ukufunda amagama esiZulu okuchofoza ongwaqa
Enye indlela eyingqayizivele yolimu lwesiZulu ukusetshenziswa kongwaqa uma kuphimiswa amagama. Ongwaqa bawumsindo owehluke kakhulu, kanti bakhiwe ngendlela yokuthi uma ubaphimisa umlomo ukhipha umsindo obamkhulu okungathi owehlombe noma ukunxapha. Ongwaqa abathathu bahlangana neminye imisinjwana ukwakha isibalo samanani ayishumi nesihlanu songwaqa abahlukile!
Uhlamvu | Umsindo ngokuwuchaza | Isibonelo IGAMA LESIZULU |
c x q | Made with the tongue against the back of the teeth, like English “tsk tsk” Made with the tongue against the side of the teeth Made with the tongue against the top of the mouth, like a cork coming out of a bottle | ukucula (to sing) xoxa (to chat) umgwaqo (street) |
Ongwaqa batholakala eqoqweni elincane kakhulu labantu abakhuluma izilimu zeSintu. Kanti babebolekwe olimini olungu makhelwane emndenini obizwa nge Khoisan, lona olungahlobene naBantu okanye i- Niger-Congo. Kodwa ngenxa yokuthi abantu abakhuluma isiKhoisani ngokobuhlanga bangomakhelwane nabantu abakhuluma isiZulu kanye nesiXhosa lezilimu sezicoshe ongwaqa kubona. Ukwabelana, ukunakekelana!
Ngenxa yokuthi ongwaqa babuye babe inselelo kwabanye abafundi bolimu lwesiZulu, sifake nezivivinyo esifundweni sethu esigxile kubona. Lezi zivivinyo zisiza abafundi baziqeqeshe ngemisindo ejwayelekile khona bezokwazi ukuthi kancane kancane bafunde ngokwehluka kwayo lemisindo.
Siyabonga kwesibambisene nabo!
Siyakuthokozela ukuzibandakanya nenhlangano yase Ningizimu Afrika ebizwa ngokuthi yi-Nal’ibala ekwethuleni isifundo sethu solimu lwesiZulu. Ukufunda ngeNal’ibala kanye nomsebenzi wabo eNingizimu Afrika yonke, vakashela ikhasi labo “website”.
Ukusabalalisa lesifundo nokuthi sitholakale kalula sisebenzisane nabakwa Vodacom, okuyinkampani ehamba phambili eNingizimu Afrika yezokuxhumana, uku zero-rate i-Duolingo kwangonyaka ozayo. Abafundi abasebenzisa Duolingo besebenzisa inkampani yakwa Vodacom bazokwazi ukuqeda izifundo zabo zosuku mahhala ngaphandle koku khathazeka ngamanani e-data.
Qala ufunde ulimu lwesiZulu namahlanje, usala kahle (stay well)!