Ukuqhuba i-Oral History

by

Okuqukethwe

  1. Ungayenza kanjani i-Oral History Project
  2. Ukuhlela ipeojekthi yomlando wakho oxoxwayo
  3. Izinsiza kusebenza
  4. Ukukhetha abazokwenza inhlolovo
  5. Ukuhlela inhlolovo
  6. Ukwenza inhlolovo
  7. Ukubhala (Transcribing) Inhlolovo
  8. Ukusabalalisa umlando
  9. Imithombo

Ungayenza kanjani i-Oral History Project

Ibhalwe uSean Field

Kwenziwa inhlolovo (interview) nesakhamuzi esidala. Sizijwayeleukuthola  umlando womlomo/oxoxwawayo lapho sikhuluma ngokwedlule nabangane, amalungu omndeni, esisebenza nabo noma omunye umuntu. Yize singeke sawubiza ngokuthi ‘umlando oxoxwayo’, sonke sisebenzisa umlando womlomo njengengxenye yempilo yethu yansuku zonke. Umlando oxoxwayo njengomkhuba ophilayo wawukhona kudala ngaphambi kokuba izifundiswa zicabange futhi ziwuthuthukise njengomkhuba wokucwaninga. Umlando womlomo njengendlela yokucwaninga yaqala kuphela ngawo-1950 e-United States of America naseNgilandi, futhi yaba yindlela edumile yezifundiswa nabafundi abathuthukayo ngawo-1960. Isizathu esiyinhloko salokhu kukhula kwaba ukukhiqizwa kwamarekhodi ashibhile aphethwe ngesandla. Ngawo-1970, ngenkathi inhlangano yezinyunyana zaseNingizimu Afrika iqala ukuzakha kabusha, umlando oxoxwayo waduma kakhulu phakathi kwezinyunyana kanye nabafundisi abadala. Kusukela lapho umlando oxoxwayo njengenkambiso yocwaningo usetshenziswe emanyuvesi, ezikoleni, eminyuziyamu nasezinhlanganweni eziningi ezingekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni eNingizimu Afrika yonkana.

Umlando oxoxwayo njengendlela yocwaningo uqopha izikhumbuzo ezikhulunywayo nezindaba zabantu ngokuxoxwa. Isimo sezingxoxo zivame ukutholakala egumbini, kepha kungenzeka futhi nasendaweni evulekile. Inhlolovo ingaqoshwa ngamanothi abhalwe ngesandla, kepha kusebenza kangcono kakhulu ukusebenzisa i-tape-rekhoda noma ikhamera yevidiyo. Lapho izingxoxo seziqoshiwe, amathephu ayabhalwa futhi ahunyushwe, avame ukusetshenziselwa ukubhala iphrojekthi yocwaningo. Kepha umlando odluliselwa ngomlomo ubuye usho nezindlela izikhumbuzo nezindaba ezidluliswa ngazo emphakathini ngezinqolobane, izincwadi, amafilimu, ithelevishini, umsakazo kanye nomdlalo womphakathi. Awudingi ukuba nguchwepheshe ukuze wenze iphrojekthi yomlando oxoxwayo. Lesi sithasiselo sichaza imihlahlandlela ethile yokuxoxwa ngomlando oxoxwayo futhi sinikeza ngamathiphu ephrojekthi yomlando oxoxwayo ekususweni okuphoqelelwe.

Ukuhlela iphrojekthi yomlando wakho oxoxwayo.

Kujwayelekile kakhulu ukuthi abacwaningi babe nezinhloso zocwaningo lokuvelela abahluleka ukuzifeza ngoba bengazange bayihlele ngokucophelela iphrojekthi yabo. Uhlelo lokucwaninga kufanele lubandakanye ukugxila kocwaningo okucacile, isabelomali kanye nesikhathi. Kubalulekile ukuba nohlelo oluguquguqukayo, oluvumela izehlakalo ezingalindelekile. Kepha ucwaningo lomlando womlomo kufanele lwenziwe ngendlela ehlelekile nelawulayo, kufanele luqashwe ngokufanele. Lemibuzo elandelayo kumele kubhekwane nayo:

Yiziphi izinhloso ezisemqoka zephrojekthi yakho yocwaningo?
Amathiphu: Cabanga ngokucophelela futhi ubhale phansi izinhloso zakho. Qiniseka ukuthi lezi zinhloso ziyiqiniso. Kunalokho ube nezinhloso ezimbalwa, ezichazwe. Chaza izinhloso zakho ngokwemibuzo emaphakathi yocwaningo ezophendulwa. Cabanga ukuthi iyiphi ifomethi ofuna ukuyikhiqiza ngephrojekthi, ngokwesibonelo incwajana noma ividiyo. Khumbula ukuthi ungubani, iminyaka yakho, ubuhlanga, ubulili noma izinga lemfundo lakho lingaluthinta kanjani ucwaningo lwakho. Cabanga ukuthi iziphi izethameli ezizofunda, zibone noma zizwe iphrojekthi yakho.

Iyiphi indlela yocwaningo engcono kakhulu yokuhlangabezana nezinhloso zakho?
Amathiphu: Umlando womlomo muhle ekurekhodeni izikhumbuzo nasekuhloleni izihloko mayelana nokuhlangenwe nakho kwabantu. Kepha kwesinye isikhathi kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa ezinye izindlela zokucwaninga. Isibonelo, ukuqoqwa kwamaphephandaba, izithombe nemibhalo ebhaliwe kungathuthukisa ikhwalithi yezingxoxo zakho.

Singakanani isikhathi nezinsizakusebenza ezidingekayo ukuqedela le phrojekthi?
Amathiphu: Hlanganisa isabelomali sazo zonke izindleko zakho, ubhale ukuthi uzokhokha kanjani lokhu kanye nanoma iyiphi imali ongayithola kusuka kuphrojekthi. Bhala uhlelo lwezikhathi olunezinsuku ezibekiwe zemisebenzi ethile nokuqedwa kwephrojekthi yokugcina. Ucwaningo ludla isikhathi ngakho-ke zibekele isikhathi esithe xaxa hhayi esincane.

Uzokuhambisa kanjani okutholile kwephrojekthi yakho?
Amathiphu: Thintana nababuzwe imibuzo, ubabuze ukuthi bangathanda ukubona izindaba zabo zihanjiswa kanjani. Kubalulekile ukufaka leliphuzu lomlando womlomo kuhlelo lwakho, isabelomali kanye nohlelo lwesikhathi.

Izinsiza zokusebenza

I-tape-recorder yokuqopha izingxoxo ingcono. Irekhoda ephathwa ngesandla noma i-radio-tapedeck ephathekayo ingawenza lo msebenzi. Kepha ikhwalithi yokurekhoda ivame ukungabi sezingeni kulezi zinhlobo zemishini. Indlela engcono kakhulu yokunqoba lokhu ukuthenga imakrofoni ephathwa ngesandla noma okungcono imakrofoni ye-lapel. Lezi izinto ezibizayo, futhi kungadingeka ukuthi uziboleke enkampanini, esikoleni noma eyunivesithi eqasha imishini. Ikhamera yevidiyo ephathekayo nayo ingasetshenziswa. Ikhamera yevidiyo isebenza kahle kakhulu ekubathwebula ubuso nobuso bomuntu okhulume naye, kepha ingenza abanye ababuzwe imibuzo bangakhululeki.

Ngokuloba izingxoxo zakho ungasebenzisa i-tape-rekhoda yakho noma ikhamera yevidiyo kepha lokhu kudla isikhathi esiningi futhi kuyabiza. Kusebenza kangcono kakhulu ukuthenga noma ukubolekisa umshini wokubhala (transcribing machine). Qiniseka ukuthi itranscriber inama-headphone (ukuze ulalele kangcono), i-footpedal (ukulawula ukuhamba kwetape) nomsebenzi wokulawula isivinini. Sebenzisa ama-tape-cassette asayizi ajwayelekile (hhayi ama-mini-cassette) njengoba ejwayelekile futhi ethanda ukuqina. Sebenzisa amathephu emizuzu engu-60 esikhundleni samathephu emizuzu engu-90 ngoba mancane amathuba okuthi welule. Amathephu e-Chrome ayabiza kakhulu kunamathephu e-carbon, kodwa ahlala isikhathi eside, ngakho-ke angcono ngezinhloso zokugcina umlando. Ngaso sonke isikhathi yenza amakhophi ezipele zezingxoxo zakho kunalokho usebenze namakhophi wakho wesipele hhayi ama-original. Uma unenhlanhla yokuba nesabelomali esikhulu, ubuchwepheshe obusezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu bokuthengwa ngama-mini-disks (afana kakhulu nama-CD) noma irekhodi yedijithali.

Ukukhetha abazokwenza inhlolovo

Ngokuya ngohlelo lwakho lwephrojekthi yocwaningo (izinhloso, indlela yokusebenza, isabelomali kanye nohlelo lwesikhathi) udinga ukunquma ukuthi uzoxoxisana nobani. Enye indlela yokuqala ukwenza umlando wokuphila owodwa – oqukethe izingxoxo eziningana – nelungu elikhulile lomndeni wakho noma lomakhelwane. Noma ungaqhuba ucwaningo ngokufudukiswa kwabantu, ngokuxoxisana nawo wonke amalungu amadala omndeni wakho noma owakhelene nabo. Uma ufuna ukubhala wonke umlando noma ingxenye yomlando womphakathi wakho, kuzodingeka ukuthi unqume ukuthi iziphi izingqikithi zakho eziyinhloko. Nayi eminye imibuzo ozohlangabezana nayo ekukhetheni okuzoxoxwa nabo:

  • Bahlale isikhathi esingakanani emphakathini abasuswe kuwo?
  • Ngabe uzokhetha inani elilinganayo  kwabesilisa nabesifazane abazokwenza inhlolovo?
  • Ngabe uzokhetha abantu ozobenza inhlolovo ngokobuhlanga, ubuzwe noma isiko?
  • Ingabe uzokhetha ngokwezigaba zabo noma isikhundla sabo sezomnotho?
  • Ngabe uzokhetha ngokuya ngeminyaka nobudala?
  • Ngabe unentshisekelo yokuzibandakanya kwezepolitiki?
  • Ngabe unentshisekelo ekuzihlanganiseni nenkolo?
  • Kubaluleke kangakanani ubulungu bamaqembu ezemidlalo noma amasiko?

Le mibuzo izofaka amathuba noma okuguquguqukayo okujwayelekile lapho kwenziwa iphrojekthi yocwaningo lomphakathi ekususweni okuphoqelelwe. Uma ungakwazi ukukhetha abazobuzwa njengawo wonke la mathuba, kuzofanela ubeke phambili izingqikithi ezibalulekile kuphrojekthi.

Lawa mathuba (abhalwe njengemibuzo) kumele ahambisane nezinhloso zakho zocwaningo . Isibonelo, uma enye yezinhloso zakho eziyinhloko ukuthola ukuthi abesilisa nabesifazane emphakathini wakho bakhumbula ukufudukiswz ngempoqo ngezindlela ezihlukile, bese ubheka lo mbuzo wokuhlaziya olandelayo: Ingabe abesilisa nabesifazane banezindlela ezifanayo noma ezihlukile zokukhumbula okwenzeka kubo ngokususwa ngenkani ? Lo mbuzo ungalandelwa ngokuthi: Kungani lokhu kwehluka nokufana ekukhumbuleni okwedlule kwenzeka? Le mibuzo yokuhlaziya ezokuqondisa ukuthi ubhekana kanjani nezingxoxo. Kungcono ukuthola abantu abakhululekile ngokukhuluma ngabo nabanye, futhi kufanele bakhumbule ngokucacile ngesikhathi esedlule. Udinga ukusebenzisa amasu aguquguqukayo lapho usetha futhi wenza izingxoxo.

Ukuhlelela izinhlolovo

Izingxoxo ziyasethwa futhi zenziwa ngokuzungeze iphuzu eliyinhloko elilandelayo: Umuntu obuzwayo unemininingwane, wena ongenayo lowo obuza imibuzo. Ngakho-ke ukuthola imvume yokuxoxisana nabantu kumele kwenziwe ngendlela ebucayi. Khumbula ukuthi abantu okuxoxwa nabo bakwenzela umusa ngokunikela ngesikhathi sabo baxoxe izindaba zabo zephrojekthi yakho yocwaningo.

Ngokugcizelela ukuthi iphrojekthi yakho inikela efeni elabiwe lomphakathi, kungenzeka ukuthi uthole impendulo yokubambisana kulabo okungaxoxwa nabo. Lapho wenza izingxoxo emiphakathini, kuyadingeka ukuthi uqale uthole imvume kubalindisango benhlangano bomphakathi. Lokhu kungaba izinhlangano zomphakathi, amaqembu ezepolitiki noma amakhansela kamasipala wendawo. Lapho ukutholakala kwenhlangano sekutholakele, umcwaningi udinga ukuthola ababuzwayo ukuze avume ukuxoxwa.

Impikiswano esemqoka yolimi oluzokhulunywa kwinhlolovo nayo idinga ukwakhiwa ngesikhathi sokumiswa kwengxoxo. Imvamisa ababuzwa imibuzo bakhetha ukusebenzisa ulimi lwabo lokuqala. Kusobala ukuthi kuyancomeka uma umuntu obuzayo ekwazi ukukhuluma ulimi lokuqala ukubuza imibuzo. Ezimweni lapho lokhu kungenzeki khona, okungenani kunezindlela ezimbili ongakhetha kuzo: ngakolunye uhlangothi, umhumushi angasetshenziswa, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ingxoxo ingaqhutshwa ngolunye ulimi okungelona ulimi lokuqala lwalowo okhulume naye. Zombili lezi zinto zinobuhle nobubi bazo. Ukukhetha komhumushi kuvame ukuvimbela ukuxoxisana kobudlelwano obusondelene nababuzwayo kanye nokuhumusha ngokushesha kaningi akulungile. Kepha lokhu kuvumela obuzwayo ukuthi akhululeke ngokusebenzisa ulimi lwabo lokuqala. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukukhethwa kolimi okungelona elokuqala kuvame ukungakhululekisi umuntu obuzwayo futhi kungahle kube nokungaqondi kwamagama noma amandla esiko.

Kunodaba olujwayelekile: ukusebenzisa izilimi zase-Afrika, lapho olunye lwalezi zilimi kungulimi lwebele lomuntu okwaxoxwa kodwa lokhu kungenza igxoxo ingasabalali ngokwanele. Ngamafuphi, kukhona ukungezwani okufanele kuxazululwe: ukusebenzisa ulimi lokuqala lomuntu okwaxoxwa naye kuvame kakhulu ukwenziwa, kepha ukusebenzisa ulimi olujwayelekile njengesiNgisi, kuvame ukuba ngcono ngezinjongo zokusabalalisa ingxoxo.

Ngaphambi kokuba uqale inhlolovo, kubalulekile futhi ukwenza inkontileka ngomlomo nalowo obekuxoxwa naye obhekene nodaba lokugcinwa kuyimfihlo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi udinga imvume yababuza imibuzo ukusebenzisa amagama abo kuphrojekthi yakho. Ngenye indlela, kufanele ugcine igama lalowo obekuxoxwa naye lihlukile ezindabeni zabo. Abantu abaningi okuxoxwa nabo bazizwa bekhululeke ngokwengeziwe ukukhuluma ngetheyiphu, lapho ungeke usebenzise amagama abo. Kepha kwesinye isikhathi, uma umuntu obuzwa imibuzo edumile noma aziwa kahle emphakathini, lokhu kungangenzeka. Lowo obekuxoxiswana naye kufanele aziswe ukuthi unelungelo lokukhetha ukungaphenduli noma imiphi imibuzo noma ukuqeda inhlolovo nganoma yisiphi isikhathi asithandayo.

Lapho inhlolovo isiqediwe, cela lowo obekuxoxiswana naye ukuthi aqedele inkontileka ebhaliwe. Lokhu kungaba isivumelwano sababuzwe imibuzo noma ifomu lokukhishwa. Lesi sivumelwano esisemthethweni sinikeza i-copyright kumcwaningi, kodwa futhi sinikeza obuzwayo ithuba lokubeka noma yimiphi imikhawulo ezindabeni ezirekhodiwe. Ababuzwa imibuzo bangakhetha ukuvumela izindaba zisetshenziselwe izinjongo zemfundo kuphela hhayi ezentengiso. Ababuzwa imibuzo bangakhetha futhi ukukhawulela yonke ingxoxo noma izingxenye zengxoxo ekushicilelweni iminyaka ethile.

Ngenkathi uhlela futhi wenza inhlolovo, zama ukuzethula ngendlela enokuzethemba, kodwa ethobekile nenenhlonipho. Uma uqhubeka nokubonisana nababuzwe imibuzo ngephrojekthi kuba ngcono. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu uma inhloso yakho esemqoka ukusungula umlando, umphakathi ophethe kuwo kakhulu. Kepha ukubonisana okunzulu kuyakhathaza futhi kudla isikhathi. Okungenani, inhloso yakho yokuqondisa kufanele kube ukuthuthukisa izingxoxo ezivulekile nezethembekile nababuzwe imibuzo.

Ukwenza inhlolovo

Ngaphambi kokuba uqale inhlolovo, bhala ‘umhlahlandlela wezingxoxo’. Umhlahlandlela wezingxoxo awulona uhlelo oluhleliwe, kepha kufanele lubonwe njengohlu lokuhlola noma lezokuphepha elizosiza ngokubuza imibuzo. Okuqukethwe nendlela imibuzo ebuzwa ngayo imibuzo kuzosiza obuzwayo ukuthi angene emoyeni wokuxoxa izindaba. Kubalulekile ukubuza imibuzo engaveli kumhlahlandlela wakho wezingxoxo njengemibuzo yokucaciswa nemibuzo exhumanisa nokhulume naye ngaphambili. Lokhu kukhombisa ukuthi unentshisekelo ngempela kulokho abazokusho futhi kuzosiza ekuqhubekeni nokuxoxa izindaba.

Lapho senza iphrojekthi yocwaningo emphakathini owasuswa ngenkani, sikhuthaza umhlahlandlela wezingxoxo zendaba yokuphila. Inhlolovo yendaba yokuphila ingaba ngokulandelana kwesikhathi, kepha empeleni, ivame ukulandela ukuhleleka okungahambelani. Le ndlela ijwayele ukusebenza kahle ngoba ivumela abantu isikhala esengeziwe sokulandisa ngabakukhumbulayo nokuhamba besuka esihlokweni baye esihlokweni, futhi ukusuka esikhathini esithile kuya kwesinye. Le ndlela eguquguqukayo ibuye inikeze isikhathi umuntu okwenziwa imibuzo naye ukuba azizwe ekhululekile ngesimo sengxoxo. Izindaba zabantu futhi zixhuma kwabakukhumbulayo ngokuphila njengamalungu emiphakathi, imindeni, izinhlangano, amaqembu namaqembu amasiko. Umhlahlandlela wezingxoxo zendaba yokuphila uphinde usize lowo obuzayo ukuthi abhekane nengqikithi futhi ahlole lezi zingqikithi zomphakathi noma zenhlalo.

Lowo obuza imibuzo angasebenzisa amakhono amaningi okubuza imibuzo ukuze enze obuzwayo azizwe ekhululekile. Ngizokhuluma ngamakhono amabili abalulekile lapha. Okokuqala, umuntu obuza imibuzo kudingeka afunde ukuba ngumlaleli onozwela. Ababuzwa imibuzo kufanele babone futhi bazizwe ukuthi ulalele ngempela izindaba zabo. Okwesibili, udinga ukuthi ufunde ukubuza imibuzo ngendlela elula futhi ebucayi. Zama ukugwema ukubuza imibuzo eholayo enjengokuthi: Uzizwe kabi kangakanani lapho ususwa ngenkani? Indlela engcono yokubuza lo mbuzo kungaba ukuthi: Wazizwa kanjani ngenkathi ususwa ngenkani? Zama ukugwema ukubuza imibuzo engaphezu kweyodwa ngesikhathi. Futhi gwema imibuzo yokuhlaziya, engaqondakali noma enesikhathi eside efana nokuthi: Laliyini ikilasi lakho, ubuhlanga kanye nobulili ngesikhathi sokukhishwa okuphoqelelwe? Kunalokho buza imibuzo emifushane, evulekile efana nokuthi: Ucabanga ukuthi ukususwa ngenkani kuwuthinte kanjani umphakathi wakho ?; futhi, ucabangani ngabantu abenze lokhu kususwa?

Abaxoxayo kufanele bakhumbule ukuthi imininingwane abayicelayo ivame ukuxhumeka emizweni ejulile. Ukuxoxwa ngomlando ngomlomo akuyona intatheli esheshayo noma isitayela sohlelo lwezingxoxo sokuxoxisana. Umlando oxoxwayo udinga isitayela sesineke nesihamba kancane esizwelayo futhi esihloniphayo lapho umuntu okwaxoxwa naye evela khona, kanye nesimo sengqondo okhulunywa naye. Lesi sitayela sokuxoxisana sizosiza lowo obuzwayo ukuthi akhulume izindaba ezisondelene nemininingwane. Lezi zindaba kungenzeka zingasho lutho kuwe noma kwabanye, kepha kubalulekile ukuthi kunikezwe ababuzwe imibuzo isikhathi sokuxoxa izindaba ezibalulekile kubo.

Bonke okuxoxiswana nabo, kungaba abanolwazi noma abangenalwazi, benza amaphutha. Nawa amanye amaphutha ajwayelekile enziwa ababuzayo:

  • Ukufika sekwedlule isikhathi
  • Ukuphazamisa obuzwayo
  • Ukukhuluma kakhulu
  • Ukuzama ukuxazulula izinkinga zobuzwayo
  • Kuphenywa umuntu obekuxoxwa naye
  • Ukuphikisana nalowo okwaxoxwa naye

Isisekelo senhlolovo enhle yomlando wenxoxo asenzi kangako kokulungile nokungalungile nokuningi ngokwakha ukwethembana phakathi kwakho nalowo okhulume naye. Uma ubhekana namaphutha akho ngendlela evulekile nezwelayo, kungazuzisa nobudlelwano bakho nalabo okwaxoxwa nabo. Awenzi isivivinyo sesayensi. Uxoxa nomuntu onezinkumbulo nemizwa esabalele. Uma abantu okuxoxwa nabo bekuthemba futhi bezizwa bekhululekile ukuxoxa nawe, kancane kancane bazodalula izindaba ezizuzisayo ezisizayo kubo nakuwe..

Ukubhala (Transcribing) Inhlolovo

Le yingxenye edla isikhathi esiningi yokwenza ucwaningo ngomlando womlomo. Noma kunomshini wesimanje wokubhala, kunengqondo ukulindela ihora elilodwa lesikhathi sokuxoxisana ukuthatha amahora amane kuya kwayisikhombisa esikhathi sokuthayipha ukuthi libhalwe. Isikhathi sokuthayipha lesi sizoxhomeka kakhulu kwikhwalithi yokurekhoda kwakho umsindo. Kubalulekile ukuthi kube nezingxoxo ezibhalwe ngokusobala zamaphrojekthi amaningi ocwaningo. Kufanele unqume ukuthi ngabe udinga umbhalo ophelele wengxoxo ngayinye. Uma inhloso yakho ukuthola irekhodi lomphakathi elicishe liphelele, khona-ke okubhalwe ngezwi nezwi (lapho kugqama igama ngalinye) kubalulekile. Uma izinhloso zakho zikhawulelwe, imibhalo ekhethiwe yezigaba noma izimpendulo ohlose ukuzihlaziya noma ukuzicaphuna ngephrojekthi yakho zanele. Qiniseka ukuthi ugcina amakhasethi (kanye namakhophi), endaweni ephephile. Kungumqondo omuhle ukufaka ilebula kumathephu akho ngalolu lwazi oluncane olulandelayo: Igama nemininingwane yalowo okuxoxwa naye; igama lomuntu obuza imibuzo; usuku lwenhlolokhono; nokuthi yenzeke kuphi.

Lapho ubhala, kubalulekile ukuthi wazi ukuthi abukho ubudlelwano bomuntu nomuntu phakathi kwegama elikhulunywayo negama elilotshiwe. Abantu abakhulumi njengoba bebhala. Umdluliseli / othayiphayo angasebenzisa ngobuhlakani amagama abhaliwe ukuchaza imisindo, izinkulumo namagama akhulunywa obuzwayo. Obhalisile kufanele futhi ahlole izindlela zokuchaza imisindo engeyona eyokukhuluma kanye nesimo sengxoxo yezingxoxo. Imvamisa kungcono uma umuntu obuza imibuzo futhi kunguye odlulisayo. Ochwepheshe bokuthayipha noma ababhalisile bangenza umsebenzi ngobunono nangokushesha kodwa lokhu kuzoba izindleko ezingeziwe zezezimali

Ukusatshalaliswa komlando

Izindaba ezirekhodwe ngomlando womlomo kufanele zisatshalaliswe kubantu kanye nasemiphakathini lapho zisuka khona, nakwezinye izethameli eziningi ngangokunokwenzeka. Amandla asemqoka endlela yomlando womlomo ukuthi imvamisa igxila ekuqopheni imibono eminingi yabantu abakhishwe inyumbazana noma abacindezelwe emphakathini wethu. Kepha abacwaningi bavame ukubeka amandla nemali enganele ekusabalaliseni imilando yomlomo emiphakathini nasemphakathini obanzi.

Imilando yomlomo yemiphakathi eye yabhekana nokususwa ngenkani iye yarekhodwa kwabezindaba abaningi. Isibonelo, izincwadi zomlando ezidumile ezifana nale ncwadi nama-documentary wevidiyo afana ne-‘The Last Supper at Horstley Street ’. Esinye isibonelo ngezinhlelo zemisakazo yomphakathi ezisakazwa yi-‘Bush Radio ’eKapa. Uma ubhala iphrojekthi yocwaningo lwesikole noma eyunivesithi kungumbono omuhle ukunikeza obrkuxoxwa nabo ikhophi yamathephu abo kuxoxwa nabo. Ngenkathi indlela ebhaliwe ilusizo, ngincoma ngokuqinile ukuthi esikhundleni salokho usebenzise ama-audio noma ama-visual mediums ukuze imilando yomlomo izwakale noma ibonwe abanye abantu abaningi makungenzeka. Isibonelo, ungasebenzisa izingxoxo zakho ukwenza izinhlelo zemisakazo noma zevidiyo zemizuzu engu-15 kuye kwengu-30. Okungenani qiniseka ukuthi amathephu nemibhalo efakiwe kufakwa kungobo yomlando. Ngokubeka izingxoxo zakho endaweni okugcinwa kuyo umlando noma yomsindo obukelwayo zingalalelwa futhi zisetshenziswe ngabaphenyi namanye amalungu omphakathi.

Imithombo

  • Perks, R. and Thomson, A. 1998. The Oral History Reader. London: Routledge.
  • Portelli, A. 1991. The Death of Luigi Trastulli and Other Stories, Form and Meaning in Oral History. New York: State University of New York Press.
  • Ritchie, D. 1995. Doing Oral History. New York: Twayne Publishers.
  • Thompson, P. 1988. (2nd ed.) The Voice of the Past, Oral History. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Vansina, J. 1985. (2nd ed.) Oral Tradition as History. London: James Currey.

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